Tuesday, March 16, 2010

Jesus’ Foremothers

The first verses of Matthew’s Gospel give “An account of the genealogy (birth) of Jesus the Messiah, (Christ). Jesus’ line is traced from Abraham to Joseph (Mary’s husband and Jesus’ legal father.) Forty-two generations are detailed by naming Jesus’ forefathers. Out of forty-two generations, Matthew alludes to only four of Jesus’ foremothers; Tamar, Rahab, Ruth and the wife of Uriah or Bathsheba, We ask; why? Tamar is selected by Judah to be his first-born son Er’s wife. Er dies before Tamar can become pregnant. So Onan, Judah’s second son is called produce his dead brother’s heir through Tamar. But he is unwilling to do so and then dies. The duty then falls on Shelah, Er’s youngest brother. But Judah, fearing his last son might die like his brothers, tells Tamar to wait for Shelah to grow up. After Shelah grows up, Tamar is still waiting. So Tamar dresses like a prostitute, and positions herself by a road she knows Judah, now widowed, will travel. She veils her face. Judah sees her only as a faceless harlot and hires her. Tamar takes as a pledge for later payment, Judah’s signet, cord and staff. Tamar then conceives by Judah. Tamar, forgoing payment, keeps the pledged items, changes and goes home. Pregnant without a husband, Tamar is accused of “Whoredom”. But when Tamar confronts Judah with his signet cord and staff, he has to acknowledge his paternity. Twin heirs are born.

Rahab is listed next. She concludes that Jericho cannot survive the invasion of the Israelites. She helps Israelite spies and arranges for her and family to be spared. But every other person and everything in the city of which she is a citizen is destroyed. Rahab is guilty of treason, is named as a harlot, but is also a legal foremother of Jesus.

Ruth, the third woman Matthew names in his genealogy of Jesus, preserves her family through her mother-in-law’s initiative. She is a young widow. Ruth is told to wash, anoint herself and put on her best clothes. Then she is sent by night, find where the man that her mother –in -law thinks would be a good new husband, is sleeping. Then Ruth is told to undercover him and lie down at his feet. It works! Boaz, an older man, is delighted to find this young woman in his bed. He makes sure her brazen act remains unknown, and arranges to marry her and sires her twins.

Bathsheba’s first union with David has little to do with her initiative but a lot to do with his. The King covets Bathsheba when he observes her private bathing. While Bathsheba’s husband Uriah is off to war, David summons her to his palace and bed. When Bathsheba becomes pregnant, the king invites Uriah home so that he might sleep with her to cover up David’s adultery. When that fails David arranges for Uriah killed in battle. The baby conceived as result of David’s adultery dies. But their latter marriage produced Solomon, who continued the royal line.

We asked why out of forty-two generations, Matthew alludes to only four of Jesus’ human father’s foremothers. The answer? In case of each selected foremother’s accounts, God works through human weakness. Tamar, impatient with Judah’s games, tricks him to produce his heir. Rahab, to survive, betrays her city of Jericho. Ruth, in a world, where a husband was key to having a place, offers herself. King David breaks many commandments to have Bathsheba as a wife.

Thursday, March 4, 2010

Why Two Christmas Accounts

Why are there two quite different Christmas accounts in Matthew and Luke? I think the answer can be found in details of the opening verses of Luke and in the historical context of both. Luke starts by noting that many people have written accounts of the events of the Gospel. He then set out to, “Write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may know the truth.” Both Matthew and Luke are written at a time of revolt against Rome.

The title, most excellent, suggests a high Roman official. The name, Theophilus, literally means God’s friend. At the time of the Gospels’ writing there were Romans who were attracted to the God worshiped in Jerusalem’s temple. These did not become Jews but worshiped in the court of the gentiles.

Luke’s Christmas account, the narration of Jesus’ birth, is filled with details about temple worship and the Hebrew faith. After declaring for whom and why he is writing, he starts his account with the story of a temple priest named Zechariah. Zechariah, an elderly man and Elizabeth a barren woman are blessed with the baby John the Baptist. Their story echoes that of Abraham and Sarah the founders of the Hebrew people and faith. These exemplars of temple faith affirm Jesus as Lord or God. Elizabeth, when she encounters Mary, exclaims, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb. And why has this happened to me, that the mother of my Lord comes to me? For as soon as I heard the sound of your greeting, the child in my womb leaped for joy.”

After Jesus’ Birth, the Holy family performs all the proper rituals for Jesus’ birth. There in the temple they encounter the righteous and devout Simeon who declares Jesus to be God’s, “Salvation, which (God) has prepared in presence of all people, a light for revelation for the Gentiles …”. Later, Jesus returns to the temple at twelve years of age, and amazes the teachers with his understanding. Theophilus as a friend of the God of Hebrew faith and a gentile worshiper in the temple would have liked details about Jesus in the temple and Luke’s description of Jesus as “a light for revelation for the Gentiles.”

But this “Most excellent Theophilus”, in addition to his love of God and worship in the temple had a duty to his empire. As a Roman official in Jerusalem, during its revolt against the empire, he would have to decide if groups like the Christians were an enemy of Rome. Details in Luke’s account are assuring. Luke’s Joseph and Mary dutifully come to Bethlehem to obey the decree of Emperor Augustus. Luke traces Jesus’ lineage to Adam as the universal parent of all including Romans. By contrast Matthew’s tracing of Jesus’ lineage starts with Abraham.

Other details of Matthew’s Christmas account coming, from a time when Jesus is about two years old, show Jesus as a political threat. Herod, appointed by Rome as “King of the Jews”, sees Jesus as a threat to his throne and kills the all two-year-old boys in Bethlehem. We are told of magi, court officials from the rival Parthian empire, seeking Jesus as a king. Jesus returns out of Egypt like a new Moses. Luke, if he knew of Matthew’s account, omits it because it shows Jesus and his movement as trouble.